Algebra I Chapter Review Free Essays

Chapter Review 13–61 (Odds Only) on pp. 223–226 Solve each inequality. Graph your solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Algebra I Chapter Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now 13. w + 3 gt; 9 W + 3 – 3 gt; 9 – 3 W gt; 6 15. -4 lt; t + 8 -4 – 8 lt; t + 8 – 8 t gt; -12 17. 22. 3 ? 13. 7 + h 22. 3 – 13. 7 ? 13. 7 – 13. 7 + h h ? 8. 6 19. You have at most $15. 00 to spend. You want to buy a used CD that costs $4. 25. Write and solve an inequality to find the possible additional amounts you can spend. a = Additional funds you can spend. a ? 15 – 4. 25 21. -6t gt; 18 -6t-6 gt; 18-6 t lt; -3 23. – h4 lt; 6 – h4 ? -4 lt; 6 ? -4 gt; -24 25. – 35n ? – 9 – 35n ? – 35 ? – 9 ? – 35 n ? 15 27. -17. 1m lt; 23. 8 -17. 1m ? -17. 1 lt; 23. 8 ? -17. 1 m gt; 1. 392 Solve each inequality. 29. 4k – 1 ? -3 4k – 1 + 1? -3 + 1 4k4 ? -24 k ? -0. 5 31. 3t gt; 5t + 12 3t – 5t gt; 5t – 5t + 12 -2t-2 gt; 12-2 t lt; -6 33. 4 + x2 gt; 2x 4 + x2 ? 2 gt; 2x ? 2 4 + x – x gt; 4x – x 43 gt; 3Ãâ€"3 1. 33 gt; x 35. 13. 5a + 7. 4 ? 85. 7 13. 5a + 7 . 4 – 7. 4 ? 85. 7 – 7. 4 13. 5a13. 5 ? 78. 313. 5 a ? 5. 8 37. A salesperson earns $200 per week plus a commission equal to 4% of her sales. This week her goal is to earn no less than $450. Write and solve an inequality to find the amount of sales she must have to reach her goal. 200 + . 04s ? 450 200 – 200 + . 04s ? 450 -200 .04s. 04 ? 250. 04 s ? $6,250 41. Suppose U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. What is B’? B’ = {1, 3, 5, 7} Solve each compound inequality. 43. 0 lt; -8b ? -6. 3 0-8 lt; -8b-8 ? -6. 3-8 0 gt; b ? .7875 45. 5m lt; -10 or 3m gt; 9 5m5 lt; -105 or 3m3 gt; 93 m lt; 2 or m gt; 9 47. 9. 1 gt; 1. 4p ? -6. 3 9. 11. 4 gt; 1. p1. 4 ? -6. 31. 4 6. 5 gt; p ? -4. 5 Solve each equation or inequality. If there is no solution, write no solution. 49. |y| = 3 y = 3, -3 51. 4 + |r + 2| = 7 r = 1, -5 53. |5x| ? 15 No solution. 55. |2x – 7| – 1 gt; 0 No solution. 57. The ideal length of a certain nail is 20mm. The actual length can vary from the ideal by at most 0. 4mm. Find the range of acceptable lengths of the nail. a = Acceptable lengths 19. 6mm lt; a lt; 20. 4mm Exer cises 59. Let P = {1, 5, 7, 9, 13}, R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, and Q = {1, 3, 5}. Draw a Venn diagram that represents the intersection and union of the sets. P 9, 13 Q 1, 5 7 3 2, 4, 6, 8 R 61. There are 15 cats. Ten are striped and have green eyes. The rest of the cats have green eyes but are not striped. How many cats have green eyes but are not striped? 15 Total -10 Striped cats 5 With green eyes and no stripes How to cite Algebra I Chapter Review, Papers

Shakespeares Use of the Supernatural in Macbeth Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares Use of the Supernatural in Macbeth Essay Shakespeares use of the Supernatural in Macbeth The supernatural is widely used in Macbeth, and covers major sections of it. It is used to generate interest, and to provoke thought and controversy. At the time the play was written, James the 1st was the English monarch. James the 1st was originally James the 4th on the Scottish throne, until there was a union of crowns between England and Scotland in the late 16th century. Shakespeare wrote the play for him, so the play Macbeth is popularly known as the Scottish play. Also during this time there were many more occurrences when witches and heretics were burnt at the stake than at any period in history, because people believed they manufactured plagues, pestilence and famine through their black magic. When Shakespeare was writing the play, he wanted to impress the king and interest his audience on his stage, the Globe Theatre. Shakespeare did this by including the supernatural in his play. Both king and populous have always been intrigued by the horror of witches and the supernatural, but not as much as in the period of the 16th and 17th centuries. This was probably because of people wanting to be religiously purer and remove disease from society. In the 16th century many events occurred that were bizarre and impossible to explain so were blamed on the supernatural. Before James gained the crown of England as well as Scotland, witchcraft was already on the peoples minds. In 1563, parliament made law that making murder by witchcraft was punishable by death. Forty years later, any use of witchcraft was punishable by death. These laws were made by a protestant parliament, to protect the monarch from Roman Catholics, as witchcraft and rebellion went hand in hand. To prove to the public that witchcraft existed and was destructive to the cause of humanity came about through the death of the Earl of Derby in 1594. He was thought to be the victim of witchcraft. This also told the public that witchcraft and other such evils could affect any individual, or any class. This alarmed the king, and paranoia crept in. He had already burnt 8000 people at the stake in Scotland, so it was obvious he would burn others. Francis Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, was accused of conjuring spells against James. The most prime and famous example of witchcraft in England, however, occurred in 1590. This was when James and Anne were sailing from Denmark to Scotland. The Witches of Berwick were supposed to have tried to destroy Anne and James at sea by conjuring up storms and strong winds. As it has already been said, the Shakespearean audience believed a wide range of old wives tales. This made James write his book on the supernatural, Demonology, in 1597. Shakespeare may have consulted this on writing Macbeth. He also thought of audience reaction when writing Macbeth. The Shakespearean audience would of reacted in terror to the fact that there were three witches in front of them. In Shakespearean times, people believed in all manner of things, and thought that any witch is evil and would cast horrid and malicious magic on them. Nowadays the audience reaction would be almost a complete contrast. In the scale of things, the audience nowadays would not find it particularly scary, with perhaps the exception of infants and younger children yet still quite thrilling and weird. The audience nowadays does not have to be terrified of witches and black magic, as this is not a prime concern to them, unlike terrorism or nuclear war for example. However, despite these differences in society and contrasts of opinion, the supernatural still has the same effect on the audience. The supernatural generates interest, and entices people to watch the production. The weird appearance of the witches, who are mainly women with facial hair, would scare an audience in the 17th century yet genuinely poke some kind of confusion and thought into a 21st century mind. Obviously, one does not regularly see any women who are sporting beards, let alone three simultaneously. Shakespeare opens the play powerfully by introducing the three witches. This is powerful because of their strong yet evil magical powers that they have. The audience will start thinking whether or not the witches will use these powers, so dramatic tension is created. This scene is not only powerful, but also surreal, because of the witches unusual appearance, having beards and wearing tattered clothes, which make them look unusual and alien to earth. Banquo expresses this in a later scene: What are these, So withered, and so wild in their attire, That look not like th inhabitants o th earth, And yet are ont? The witches also confuse and interest the audience by their rhythmical and alliterative chants in the first scene. The chants are confusing and contradict each other. The three witches chant: Fair is foul and foul is fair. Foul and fair are both contrasting phrases, fair being good and foul being evil. What they are generally telling the audience is that good is evil and evil is good. This would shock some and confuse others. Either way, all the audience will think about what the witches have just said and listen to what they say next, trying to search for a solution to their problem. The language in this phrase makes it lively and gritty. The alliteration is there, and the inconsistency of their phrases which make them a paradox. The audience has already been told of chaos and bloody battles, in when the second witch proclaims: When the hurlyburlys done, When the battles lost and won. This battle could be of two fronts- Macbeths soul or his victory at Fife against the Thane of Cawdor and Sweno, the king of Norway. This could be giving an early indication to the audience that the weird sisters are possessing Macbeth, whoever he is. The witches have already chanted: When shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightning, or in rain? This tells the audience that the witches have an evil influence, as they only meet in bad weather. This could also tell people that the weird sisters might conjure up these floods and storms. At the end of the scene when the witches leave, they all say: Hover through the fog and filthy air. This is showing that they hover through the air as a mode of transport, which is magical, and suggests a dwelling evil presence. The air they travel through is filthy, as fog was considered bad air. The soul was thought to have been sucked out by the fog. Act 1 scene one has many purposes to the play of Macbeth. It could merely announce the time of the next meeting of the weird sisters: When shall we three meet again, in thunder, lightning, or in rain? Or it could set a sinister scene for the rest of the play, creating suspense, and worry over the unknown person called Macbeth, as the witches engage in activities with destructive purpose. The next scene in which the supernatural is present, Macbeth finally appears. Macbeth has been talked about, by not only the weird sisters in act one scene one, but also Duncan and his advisors in act one scene two. The audience may be concerned about Macbeths well being, as he is linked to the three witches. The audience might also think about whether Macbeths appearance is demoniac, as if the witches have possessed him. The witches open the scene by asking each other what evil deeds they have been doing since their last meeting in act one scene one. The 2nd witch says: Killing swine. The witch is probably suggesting that she was killing a farmers stock of pigs, probably to ruin his livelihood and force him into suffering. After being prompted by the 3rd witch, the 1st witch says: A sailors wife had chestnuts in her lap, And munched, and munched, and munched-Give me, quoth I. Aroint thee witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries. Her husbands to Aleppo gone, master o th Tiger; But in a sieve Ill thither sail, And like a rat without a tail, Ill do, Ill do and Ill do. The first witch is expressing that she has a short temper, and expects to have it her own way, by getting things on demand. In this case, she wanted to have some if not all the chestnuts in this womans lap. The woman told her to get out, and as the witch describes the woman, she is an overweight scabby wretch who is rather spoilt. The womans husband is a sailor, and the witch says she will kill the captain of the ship. This was quite true, as the captain of her husbands ship, the Tiger, sunk near Milford Haven in 1606 after its Captain died mysteriously, probably of supernatural causes. This was the talk of London for some time, so the first witch must be telling the audience that she has a vengeful and malicious nature. To prove that the witch did do the deed, she says: Here I have a pilots thumb, Wrecked as homeward did he come. This is also proof that the witches are malicious, scheming old hags that only want to harm and hinder, not to help people as they might say they would. When the witches see Macbeth, they get excited and start chanting: A drum, a drum! Macbeth doth come. And then: The Weird Sisters, hand in hand, Posters of the sea and the land, Thus do go about, about, Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine, And thrice again to make up nine. Peace, the charms wound up. This will definitely scare the audience, as the witches have wanted to meet Macbeth for probably malicious reasons since act one scene one. This dramatic tension has exploded into raw fear for him as the witches cast a spell when the unknown man named Macbeth arrives with his friend, Banquo. Macbeth says: So foul and fair a day I have not seen This could mean one of two things. Macbeth might have been possessed by the witches, as he has echoed what they said in act one scene one, lines 11-12. Alternatively, it could mean that Macbeth is describing the battle against the Norwegians at Fife. I would consider it most likely that Macbeth has been possessed, as the witches cast a spell on Macbeth before he arrived on the scene. When Macbeth and Banquo notice the witches, they are bemused, but not worried by them. Banquo clearly expresses this: What are these, So withered, and so wild in their attire, That look not like the inhabitants o th earth, And yet are ont? Both Macbeth and Banquo are obviously confused by the witches. They do not even know whether they are living creatures or not: Live you, or are you aught That man may question? Which Banquo then asks. They obviously do not know what kind of creatures the witches are, let alone whether they are alive. The pair also do not know whether the witches can speak or not, as Macbeth asks: Speak if you can. What are you? Then the witches speak three of the most famous lines in Macbeth, which predict the rest of the play: All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter! What the witches have said here is very extraordinary. The first line, which expresses Macbeths current title, is extraordinary as one would not normally know a mans full name, probably not that if he is a Thane or not unless he was dressed formally of course. The first line is correct, so Macbeth probably thinks that whatever they say next is completely believable. The witches then chant the second line, which tells him that he is Thane of Cawdor. This is not a surprise to the audience, as they had already learnt that in act one scene one. Then comes the shock. Macbeth is then told that after becoming Cawdor, he will become the King of Scotland. This turns Macbeth into an image of horror. He is probably so surprised by these statements, that all he can do is look shocked. Banquo tries to kick some sense into Macbeth: Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that sound so fair? But unfortunately, Banquo realises Macbeth is already gone into a world of his own thoughts: My noble partner You greet with present grace, and great prediction Of noble having, and of royal hope, That he seems rapt withal. Banquo and Macbeth both believe that the witches are telling the truth, so Banquo asks the witches: If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow, and which will not, Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear Your favours nor your hate. Banquo is asking the witches what the seeds of time will do for him. The seeds of time were involved with the growth of spirit and matter, which was from tiny seeds planted in the ground by God. Evil spirits were thought to have the power to predict and foretell how these would develop. Macbeth Argumentative EssayThis is really down to Banquo knowing too much about Macbeth. Banquo says in his soliloquy that he would not talk about the meetings with the witches, but Macbeth thinks that he might. So unlucky Banquo gets twenty trenched gashes on his head, which is a very nasty death indeed. After Banquos death, there is a feast. This is the feast directly after the coronation, so the king and queen have to impress their guests with their lavish food and setting. Everyone has sat down except Macbeth, so Lennox says: Mayt please your highness sit. The party is running completely smoothly until this point. However, the supernatural kicks into Macbeths mind and Banquos ghost appears. Macbeth is the only person who can see this ghost. First Macbeth reacts so the feast can carry without any worries: Here had we now our countrys honour roofed Ross says that he is not here, so Macbeth thinks it could be a joke, and as the old saying goes, one is not amused: Which of you have done this? Obviously, the Lords do not know what as been done. Macbeth could be saying one of two things. Either he is asking who murdered Banquo, meaning he is somewhat playing along to cover the real story, or he is asking who played this trick, by putting Banquos dead body in his chair. The Lords ask Macbeth: What my good lord? Then insanity plunges into Macbeth: Thou canst not say I did it; never shake Thy gory locks at me. Macbeth is actually talking to the ghost at this point, as the ghost is looking at him and nodding his head accusingly. He is saying that he was not the one that actually stabbed Banquo, and tries to find some innocence. Ross thinks that Macbeth is mentally ill, so he is sympathetic: Gentlemen rise, his highness is not well. Lady Macbeth tries her hardest to save the situation, but fails. The scene carries on with the ghost reappearing and really scares Macbeth. However, Lady Macbeth realises that she cannot prevent Macbeth from going mad and so sends the lords home. This scene tells the audience that Macbeth is not the strong soldier he used to be, that he is in fact now a nervous wreck. After this scene Macbeth needs some kind of reassurance, that everything will be all right. This reassurance cannot be from a normal mortal, as they do not know of Macbeths link with the supernatural; any who do e. g. Lady Macbeth just ridicule him and think of it as a weakness, that he is not as much of a man anymore. Act 3 scene 5 is the next part in which the supernatural is involved. It is a short scene, and does not really affect the storyline particularly much. This is probably because that this scene was not considered to have been written by Shakespeare. It introduces a new character, Hecate, who is considered to be the head of witches, yet still deputy to Satan himself. The language in this scene is especially proof. Most of the play is in blank verse, yet this scene is in rhyme, and is not considered as gritty and horrid as Shakespeare. This scene shows Hecate, head of all witches, so she or he is supposed to be evil. However, she is angered by the witches actions towards Macbeth: How did you dare To trade and traffic with Macbeth In riddles and affairs of death Hecate is telling the witches to stop messing around with Macbeth, to stop telling him riddles and thither he will come to know his destiny. The witches now know that they will have to tell Macbeth what will happen to him. However, they do this with their own method. This scene will have informed the audience that the play is travelling towards its conclusion, that it is now all or nothing. Despite Hecate has only a small part in the play; she actually is quite a major character in terms of the storyline. Act 4 scene 1 is the next scene in the play for the supernatural. This is the final scene in which the witches take part. The last scenes of the play do not involve any supernatural characters, but they do involve the supernatural indirectly. At the start of the scene, the witches are making a broth. This involves them dropping items of their interest into their cauldron and casting spells. These items would horrify an audience if acted properly. Many of the items are stomach wrenching and disgusting to the extreme. Examples of this are: Eye of Newt Tongue of dog Lizards leg Howlets wing But worst of all: Finger of birth-strangled babe ditch-delivered by a drab The 4 body parts of the different animals would be disgusting to an audience as they could have been ripped off when the particular animal was alive. The animals are also considered quite disgusting. Newts and lizards have quite slimy skin, so the textures of the items are included as a stomach churner. The worst phrase, however, describes prostitute giving birth to a baby in a ditch, and then strangling it to death. This is terrible as the baby is unloved; the mother has no kind of care for it, and so kills it. Murdering babies is possibly the worst crime that an adult could do, as they should know that babies are defenceless, and whenever a baby is crying, a good person has maternal or paternal instincts that would get them to take care of it. I have seen this scene played by the Royal Shakespeare Company. This scene was dramatically effective, because the witches played their parts very effectively. The three actors gave their parts dramatic tension, especially when Macbeth arrives: I conjure you, by that which you profess, Howeer you come to know it, answer me. The witches give him an answer, which involves three ghostly images, or apparitions. Macbeth really needs to know what is to become of him, so says: Call em, let me see em. The first apparition is an armed head. There have been various interpretations of this, and there are two examples. This is Macduff. It warns Macbeth of a Scottish noble, the Thane of Fife: Macbeth, Macbeth, Macbeth, beware Macduff; Beware the Thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough. Macbeth is grateful of the warning, and asks for more, probably being why he should fear him. The witches reply: He will not be commanded. After this, another apparition ascends to inform Macbeth: Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth This is more of a reassurance to Macbeth, as there are not many people born through Caesarean section, presumably meaning they are not of woman born. The next apparition is a crowned child with a tree in his hand. He reassures Macbeth by telling him: Be lion-mettled, proud and take no care Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are. Macbeth shall never vanquished be, until great Birnham wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him. Macbeth is almost completely confident he is invincible at this point, that almost nothing can get i n his way for a complete domination of the Scottish monarchy. This is not just for now but for years to come. However, the witches promised Banquo would be the father of all Scottish kings after Macbeth. Macbeth asks them: Shall Banquos issue ever Reign in this kingdom? The witches decide to let Macbeth see the line of Scottish kings, and who was the father. A show of eight kings appears. Regrettably, for Macbeth, the following individual who arrives to indicate who is the father of the line is Banquo. This plunges a dagger unswerving to the pits of Macbeths hopes and dreams: Horrible sight! Now I see tis true, For the blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me, And points at them for his. The scene ends quite predictably, the witches disappearing and Macbeth wanting more answers. I consider this scene particularly dramatic because the witches seem to be telling Macbeth his destiny. Act 5 scene 1 is a scene to show how Lady Macbeth has coped with each murder, as she has not been seen since act 3 scene 4, when she was trying to calm Macbeth from his visions of Banquo. In this scene she has changed dramatically, as Macbeth has. She used to be a strong willed woman, as she was before Duncans murder. She did many things that many men would have the guts to do, let alone a woman with strong maternal instincts. Now she sleepwalks, and imagines as though she is talking to Macbeth. It looks now she is a nervous wreck, while Macbeth is on an emotional high, after the witches foretelling him to not be killed of someone woman born and when Birnham wood moves to Dunsinane. She echoes what Macbeth has said, being in the same emotion of regret and sorrow: The Thane of Fife had a wife; where is she now? What, will these hands neer be clean? She goes on to repeat herself: Heres the smell of blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Her very last line is possibly intended to be spoken to Macbeth: Come, come, come, give me your hand. Whats done cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed. That was Lady Macbeths final scene before she commits suicide. In my opinion, I do not think Lady Macbeth killed herself directly because of the supernatural, but that she missed Macbeth being by her side. The pair must have had a close relationship, only for them to be driven apart, obviously by Macbeths need to quell the uprising from Malcolm and Macduff. Despite Macbeths promises from the witches, Macbeth is found not to be ultimately invulnerable. This is because Birnham wood does move to Dunsinane. This movement of the wood was under Malcolms instruction, who felt that he needed some kind of method to hide his army from the eyes of Macbeth, therefore producing a surprise attack on his castle. This did not deter Macbeth, however, as he had another promise to rely on. The second apparition told him that he could not be harmed of anyone woman born. Yet, to Macbeths misfortune, he fights somebody who is not born of woman, but through caesarean section. His name is Macduff, the very same person who had his family killed on Macbeths orders. The murder of Duncan is not entirely Macbeths fault. In fact, I do not consider Macbeth to have played a major part in the deed. The finger of blame is more towards the supernatural and Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeths part is pinpointed using the supernatural, so it is really the only party that can shoulder this responsibility. The end of the play ends wretchedly for Macbeth, which is a complete contrast to his beginning. This can also be said about the spectators response. He starts as a brave soldier, he finishes dead. He turned into a psychologically ailing coward, who cannot slay and relies on supernatural powers. The supernatural betrays him in the end, which can be particularly said about Act 4 scene 1. The witches tell him that he will be fine, as long as Birnham wood does not move to Dunsinane and he does not fight a man born from caesarean section. These are equivocations, or statements said to conceal the truth. This is true as the witches would have known if Macbeth had died or not, but told him the exact opposite, to lull him into a false sense of security. This is the evil in Macbeth, the supernatural, which drove to Duncan and Macbeths deaths. The language in Macbeth is compelling, as it is gritty and gives the characters great personalities. The language shows the witches are intelligent and devious, with their contradictory phrases and riddles. The blank verse that Shakespeare uses makes the play lyrical and attractive, and not just a lacklustre story. The language describes Macbeths change in emotions to the audience, which is thrilling and quite dramatic. I have seen numerous variations of the play Macbeth. The language in Macbeth is so good that directors can have diverse versions, versions to suit their opinions. I have seen Macbeth in the Globe Theatre and on video by the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Globe Theatres production was low budget, so there were few special effects. The Globe version I considered slightly bizarre, as many representations that I found strange and side tracking to the story. One representation was the famous sword fight between Macbeth and Macduff at the end of the play. In the RSCs version, the sword fight is done conventionally with swords. I consider this to generate a more dramatic and keener interest in it. The Globes version was represented with pebbles signifying their lives, and a weird hand tugging that I did not understand. If I directed the play, I would have gone for a more modern approach. Macbeth could be considered just as some kind of Shakespearean current affairs representation. Because of this, I consider that the witches could have some kind of terrorist guise. Biological and chemical weapons could replace the broth. I think this would be more dramatically effective for the audience. I would also get full use out of the lighting and special effects available in a more modern theatre.

Romantism In Victorian era Essay Example For Students

Romantism In Victorian era Essay Even though it was written in the Victorian era, Kate Chopin’s The Awakening has several romantic qualities, especially with the main character, as she struggles between society’s obligations and her own desires. Chopin writes about a woman who continues to reject the society around her, a notion too radical for Chopin’s peers. Edna Pontellier has the traditional role of both wife and mother, but deep down she wants something more, difficult to do in the restricted Victorian society. The typical Victorian woman maintained her sphere which deemed â€Å"women’s personal lives center around home, husband, and children. (Victorian Women, p. 118). Women were supposed to happily accept this position in the home, and be satisfied. It never satisfied Edna, who always seemed out of place when with other women. She was a wife and a mother, but not the typical Victorian wife and mother. With regards to her children, â€Å"Their absence was sort of relief†¦It seemed to free her of a responsibility which she blindly assumed and for which Fate had not fitted her† (p. 18). Already she is revealing ideas uncommon in the Victorian era. She tries to maintain her roles, but it is very difficult for her. As the story progresses, Edna focuses on her desires rather than what her husband wants. She refuses to participate in the traditional role given to her as a woman. The romantic notion of individualism comes out as Edna decides to go out on a Tuesday afternoon rather than receive visitors. When her husband finds out, he is extremely upset. â€Å"‘I should think that you’d understand by this time that people don’t do such things; we’ve got to observe les convenances if we ever expect to get on and keep up with the procession’† (p. 51). Edna disregards her husbands appeal to conform and continues to do what she wants. Victorian society was not ready for a novel whose main character disregards the norm for her own happiness. The rejection Chopin received was mainly due to Edna’s rejection of the traditions and the adultery aspect of the novel. Edna, caught up in a loveless marriage, resorts to adultery to keep herself satisfied. Edna follows her heart rather than reason when she pursues Robert Lebrun. In revealing her love for Robert, her romantic passion is expressed. â€Å"‘I love you,’ she whispered, ‘only you; no one but you. It was you who awoke me last summer out of a life – long, stupid dream†¦Oh! I have suffered, suffered! Now you are here we shall love each other, my Robert’† (p. 109). As the novel continues, Edna continues to feel trapped in the restricted environment and ultimately commits suicide to leave the world that will not let her leave her traditional role. Romanticism is evident as the novel ends and Edna completely rejects the Victorian ways. With Chopin’s ending, she creates an idea that her society can not accept. Edna tried to maintain her role as long as she could, but it became too much for her, and she needed to do the best thing. In her mind, that meant killing herself in the water which had no boundaries and restrictions.

Hizbut Tahrir

Contemporarily, the Hizbut Tahrir, which is the party of liberation, is one of the biggest Islamic groups across the world. Due to political failures of Islamic parties as well as failure of secularism, there have been quite a huge number of recruits in Hizbut Tahrir of late.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hizbut Tahrir specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Hizbut Tahrir party functions in numerous parts of the world, but it is more active in Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Despite the criticisms that arise regarding the Hizbut Tahrir’s intentions, the party has become very popular amongst different societies across the world (Razak Para. 3). In fact, it has been termed as a very imperative movement especially in Central Asia. The person who started the party is an Islamic scholar, popularly known by the name, Sheikh Taqi al Din al Nabkhan in Jerusalem, around the year 1953. Hizbut Tahrirâ€℠¢s ideologies clearly indicate that it renounces democracy, nationalism, socialism, as well as capitalism. The party wants to bring back the system that governed Muslims particularly at the time of Prophet Muhammad, viz. the righteous Caliphs. Sheikh Taqi attained early education in the year 1928 at the Al-Azhar University after which he went to work in the Ministry of Education (Fealy and White 138). He later became the head cleric and a judge, but after the Arab-Israel conflict started, he stopped working in the aforementioned capacities. However, he had gathered enough knowhow in the field of politics and this aspect boosted his morale to revive the Islamic Caliphate so that Palestine would be free. However, he never, in his wildest dreams, thought that the Hizbut Tahrir party would go international. The party is in charge of the army, religion, foreign policy, the economy, as well the Caliphates internal political system. Hizbut Tahrir follows the sharia (Islamic law), which is so much against democracy. Sheikh Taqi had initially targeted Arab countries with the inclusion of Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon for he had the notion that all Muslims were of the idea of reviving the Islamic Caliphate and thus he went ahead to open the party to Muslims despite their gender or race (Nawab Para. 2).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact that the targeted countries did not exercise democracy meant that the Caliph, together with those working with him, would handle the issues that the pertinent issues within the Muslim community be it economic, social, ethic, or otherwise. The main state language was Arabic while women were restricted mainly to their homes, but whoever wanted to go ahead with her education was allowed. For the Muslim men above the ages of 15 years, they had to enter into the military without any hesitation while the Caliph was the one to appoint the defense minister particularly when the party wanted to go to war (Karaginnis 32). The division of the main course of strategy took place in three main parts. The first was tatsqif (culturing) whereby the main objective was to look for people who had strong beliefs in how the party ran things. The second part was tafa’ul (interaction) whereby those who joined the party would be introduced to the party’s ideas so that the objective of reviving the Caliphate would become a reality. The third part was istilamu al hukmi (power and ruling acceptance), which underscored the founding of governments that would govern the Muslims. Sheikh Taqi wanted to hasten the third part of power and ruling and so he tried to implement nusrah (assistance to gain power) from the prominent people in the country with examples of judges, leaders in the military, politicians, and many others. There was the establishment of branches by the year 1960 by sheikh Taqi in the majority of the North African and Middle East countries. Given the fact that of the members attempted coups in Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, the Hizbut Tahrir party had gained quite a significant popularity. The failed coups were due to the association with members of the HT party as aforementioned. Sheikh Taqi died in the year 1977 and thereafter Sheikh Abdul Qaleem Zalloum became the party’s leader (American Foreign Policy Council Para. 1). Even today, it is easy to see the high numbers of the Hizbut Tahrir followers in various Islamic centers as they wave black flags as they take to the streets shouting slogans and giving people leaflets to fellow Muslims about the party. From reading the Hizbut Tahrir party’s books, it is evident that they do not mention about the future or salvation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hizbut Tahrir specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that Hizbut Tahrir started out as a polit ical party, today it gives theological press releases. The Hizbut Tahrir party is very famous amongst young Muslims who are living in Western Europe. London is the movement’s main center and thus the publishing of HT materials takes place here coupled with training of members in different aspects. After Sheik Adbul Qaleem took over, the party went ahead to grow in many other different parts of the world and particularly in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Australia (Karaginnis 132). The majority of the Hizbut Tahrir affiliates had moved to the West as their native countries were persecuting them while others left in search of a better life with better jobs elsewhere. On the other hand, Hizbut Tahrir went ahead to bring in new members especially students from different Muslim countries as a way of ensuring that the party had many members and thus remain strong as ever. Hizbut Tahrir has a very hierarchical organizational makeup whereby the topmost post of the amir (leader) had sheikh Taqi holding it. The party then goes to classify the Muslim world into wilayahs whereby there is line demarcation of the future Caliphate. At the topmost provincial leadership of the wilayahs is a committee and the leader is a Mu’ tamad. Then there is the local committee that governs the local urban centers and has a naqib as a leader. A leaders self is kept a secret by the Hizbut Tahrir party reason being there was persecution of leaders in history and more so in the Middle Eastern countries. One of the most outstanding leaders is Mu’ tamad and the only people allowed to know who he is are the wilayah committee members. The halaqah (study circles) on the other hand take lowest party levels and the group has almost eight members. The duty of selecting members, who will come into the future, lies under the jurisdiction of the halaqahs. In the Hizbut Tahrir party based in Indonesia, there is recognition of women as important people in the mov ement. When it comes to the Caliphates recruitment, the Hizbut Tahrir uses very advanced channels to allow as many recruits as possible to develop a keen interest of joining the group (American Foreign Policy Council Para. 4).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The channels include Media Ummat, which is a weekly newspaper, Al-wa’ie, which is a monthly journal, together with conferences and seminars. In the year 2009, a radio that broadcasts online also became another channel geared towards bringing in new members. The Hizbut Tahrir located in Indonesia incorporates women in the movement and gives them special roles similar to those of men in comparison to other Hizbut Tahrir groups across the world. When bringing together prominent people within the society, nusrah is a very imperative stage where prominent people have influence with examples of politicians, journalists, civil servants, and many other people considered powerful. The Hizbut Tahrir party also targets government officials at different kinds of levels. There are arguments stating that the manner in which Hizbut Tahrir wants to start the Caliphate is similar to a coup d’à ©tat. However, Hizbut Tahrir refrains from using any form of violence especially given the f act that they follow the ways of Prophet Mohammed who also did not condone violence. Using violence would mean that the Hizbut Tahrir party is not following the correct principles it has set for itself and the members. The only worry is that despite the fact that the party does not use violence to achieve its goals, there are those new members who will want to use violence and spoil HT’s reputation. Hizbut Tahrir, in the year 2009, had an eventful year for it had public debates as well as conferences in different parts of the country like Canada and the US. Nevertheless, the Palestine authorities canceled the conferences, which the party holds every year in Palestine. The Hizbut Tahrir members were frequently in collision with the authorities where, for instance in the year 2009, quite a huge number of the members in Central Asia were arrested. The HT party started at a time when there was a struggle among the Arabs naturalists and so its purpose was to bring together Arabs a s well as re-establishing the caliphate (Ward 153). However, the group did not succeed in achieving this goal especially in the Middle East and so it resulted to looking for western religious freedom as well as starting up in Britain. The Hizbut Tahrir party has changed some of the ideas it originally had so that it can associate well with today’s world. This move has gone to the extent of opening up a website that features its modern caliphate, which incorporates everyone whether Muslim or not. Even though the British government has been inspecting the Hizbut Tahrir party particularly after the 2003 bombing, the group continues to run with the government’s permission. Hizb ut-Tahrir has gone as far as starting movements in Central Asia and Africa for the founders targeted the seemingly unstable countries; therefore, the caliphate seeks to establish unity and peace. A good example is that of the country of Zanzibar whereby the party has been experiencing frequent unres ts due to the divergences between Christians and Muslims (Ward 165). Hizbut Tahrir saw this opportunity and established the caliphate as a solution to the conflicts, and with this agenda in mind, they formed an Islamic state that is void of democracy. In addition to this achievement, Hizbut Tahrir wants to use the same strategy in Central Asia particularly in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. There is no recognition of the right of freedom by the Hizbut Tahrir in economics as well as religion. This provision is so strict to the extent that Muslims who renounce their Islamic faith are obligated to go under execution according to Article 7 of the constitution. On the other hand, Muslims following the Hizbut Tahrir party still have the freedom to engage in some issues; for instance, perform ijtihad, which means having personal opinions in regards to the Islamic law. Suspects who are locked in prison are innocent until there is enough evidence to show that they are guilty of the charges they a re facing. In addition to this, people are not charged without undergoing a court hearing whereby their case is heard to prove whether they are guilty or innocent. Many prisons in different parts of the world have a tendency of torturing suspects in the process of extracting information; however, according to the Hizbut Tahrir, this should not happen in any case and if it happens, the perpetrators should be punished. In conclusion, Hizbut Tahrir as a movement that does not allow violence, which is a plus in comparison to many other known groups that want to achieve their goals using violence and torture (Akbarzadeh and Mansouri 64). For example, when the September 11 attacks happened, the Hizbut Tahrir was quick to state that it does not condone such violent acts, as the point of their movement is not to kill anyone. Up to today, links between terrorists and Hizbut Tahrir are unheard of amid all sorts of speculations. Hizbut Tahrir goes on with its mission of establishing a caliphat e although not without challenges. The most outstanding aspect of this group is that it has managed to dissociate with terrorism, which haunts many such groups across the world. Works Cited Akbarzadeh, Shahram, and Fethi Mansouri. Islam and political violence: Muslim Diaspora and radicalism in the West, London: I. B. Tauris Co Ltd., 2010. Print. American Foreign Policy Council. Hizb ut Tahrir, 2011. Web. Fealy, Greg, and Sally White. Expressing Islam: Religious life and politics in Indonesia, Cornell: Southeast Asia Program Pub., 2008. Print. Karaginnis, Emmanuel. Political Islam in Central Asia: The challenge of Hizb ut Tahrir,  New York: Taylor Francis, 2009. Print. Nawab, Mohamed. The transitional network of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, 2013. Web. Razak, Rowena. Hizb ut Tahrir the 21st century caliphate, 2012. Web. Ward, Ken. Non-violent extremists? Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia. Australian Journal of International Affairs 63.2 (2009): 149-164. Print. This essay on Hizbut Tahrir was written and submitted by user Chad D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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